Adding a New Built-in Type

For contributors adding a new built-in type to the engine — a step-by-step recipe.

Executive Summary

• 10-step recipe — Value type, built-in registration, class value subclass, engine/runtime integration, constants, structuredClone, tests, benchmarks, documentation
• Key patterns — Shared prototype singleton (GC-pinned), ThisValue for method callbacks (not Self), MarkReferences for GC
• Engine/runtime integration — Core language built-ins are registered by the engine; runtime globals and tool-specific runtime APIs belong in concrete runtime extension classes
• Checklist included — Complete checklist at the end of the document for verification

This guide walks through every step needed to add a new built-in type to GocciaScript. Follow the steps in order; each section references the exact files and patterns involved.

Overview

Before you start: built-in prototype objects are not module-level singletons. They live in a per-engine realm (Goccia.Realm.pas) so that two engines on the same worker thread see independent intrinsics. Your value type registers a realm slot at unit initialization time and stores its shared prototype in that slot — never in a threadvar, class var, or static singleton, because cached pointers go stale across engine recreation. The slot pattern is shown in Step 1 below.

Adding a built-in type like Set, Map, or ArrayBuffer requires changes across several files:

Step 1: Value Type (Goccia.Values.YourValue.pas)

Create a new unit inheriting from TGocciaInstanceValue. This is the runtime representation of your type.

Template

unit Goccia.Values.YourValue;
​
{$I Goccia.inc}
​
interface
​
uses
  SysUtils,
​
  Goccia.Arguments.Collection,
  Goccia.SharedPrototype,
  Goccia.Values.ClassValue,
  Goccia.Values.ObjectValue,
  Goccia.Values.Primitives;
​
type
  TGocciaYourValue = class(TGocciaInstanceValue)
  private
    class var FShared: TGocciaSharedPrototype;
  private
    // Internal data storage
    FData: ...; // e.g., TBytes, TGocciaValueList, etc.
​
    // Prototype method implementations (use ThisValue, not Self)
    function YourMethod(const AArgs: TGocciaArgumentsCollection;
      const AThisValue: TGocciaValue): TGocciaValue;
​
    procedure InitializePrototype;
  public
    constructor Create(const AClass: TGocciaClassValue = nil);
    destructor Destroy; override;
​
    function GetProperty(const AName: string): TGocciaValue; override;
    function ToStringTag: string; override;
​
    procedure InitializeNativeFromArguments(
      const AArguments: TGocciaArgumentsCollection); override;
    procedure MarkReferences; override;
​
    class procedure ExposePrototype(const AConstructor: TGocciaValue);
  end;
​
implementation
​
uses
  Goccia.Constants.ConstructorNames,
  Goccia.Constants.PropertyNames,
  Goccia.GarbageCollector,
  Goccia.Values.ErrorHelper,
  Goccia.Values.NativeFunction,
  Goccia.Values.ObjectPropertyDescriptor,
  Goccia.Values.SymbolValue;
​
constructor TGocciaYourValue.Create(const AClass: TGocciaClassValue = nil);
begin
  inherited Create(AClass);
  // Initialize internal data
  InitializePrototype;
  if not Assigned(AClass) and Assigned(FShared) then
    FPrototype := FShared.Prototype;
end;
​
destructor TGocciaYourValue.Destroy;
begin
  // Free owned data (non-GC-managed)
  inherited;
end;

Key Patterns

Shared prototype singleton (realm-owned) -- All instances of one engine share a single prototype object that lives in the engine's realm. Register a realm-owned slot at unit initialization time and look up the shared prototype through it on every call. Do not store FShared in a class var or threadvar — cached pointers survive engine destruction and become dangling references on the next engine.

var
  GYourSharedSlot: TGocciaRealmOwnedSlotId;
​
function GetYourShared: TGocciaSharedPrototype; inline;
begin
  if Assigned(CurrentRealm) then
    Result := TGocciaSharedPrototype(CurrentRealm.GetOwnedSlot(GYourSharedSlot))
  else
    Result := nil;
end;
​
procedure TGocciaYourValue.InitializePrototype;
var
  Shared: TGocciaSharedPrototype;
  Members: TGocciaMemberCollection;
  Definitions: array of TGocciaMemberDefinition;
begin
  if not Assigned(CurrentRealm) then Exit;
  if Assigned(GetYourShared) then Exit;
​
  Shared := TGocciaSharedPrototype.Create(Self);
​
  Members := TGocciaMemberCollection.Create;
  try
    Members.AddNamedMethod('methodName', YourMethod, 1);
    Members.AddSymbolMethod(
      TGocciaSymbolValue.WellKnownIterator,
      '[Symbol.iterator]', YourIteratorMethod, 0,
      [pfConfigurable, pfWritable]);
    Members.AddAccessor(
      'propertyName', GetterMethod, nil, [pfConfigurable]);
    Definitions := Members.ToDefinitions;
    Definitions[0].MemberFlags := [gmfNoFunctionPrototype];
  finally
    Members.Free;
  end;
​
  RegisterMemberDefinitions(Shared.Prototype, Definitions);
  CurrentRealm.SetOwnedSlot(GYourSharedSlot, Shared);
end;
​
initialization
  GYourSharedSlot := RegisterRealmOwnedSlot('YourType.SharedPrototype');

The Goccia.Realm unit owns RegisterRealmOwnedSlot, CurrentRealm, and the TGocciaRealmOwnedSlotId type — add it to your uses clause. For prototypes that are plain TGocciaObjectValue instances (no TGocciaSharedPrototype wrapper), use RegisterRealmSlot and SetSlot/GetSlot instead — see Core patterns § Realm Ownership & Slot Registration for the raw-slot variant. TGocciaSharedPrototype.Destroy unpins both FPrototype and FMethodHost, so realm tear-down releases the prototype graph atomically.

The preferred pattern is:

• keep runtime semantics on the value type
• keep constructor/static methods on the built-in wrapper
• declare exposed members with Define* helpers, ideally via TGocciaMemberCollection
• register them via RegisterMemberDefinitions

This keeps the JS-visible surface in one place and avoids repeating RegisterNativeMethod, DefineProperty, and CreateWithoutPrototype boilerplate in every type.

ExposePrototype -- Must NOT free the created instance (it becomes the pinned method host). Look up the shared prototype through the realm rather than caching it:

class procedure TGocciaYourValue.ExposePrototype(
  const AConstructor: TGocciaValue);
var
  Shared: TGocciaSharedPrototype;
begin
  Shared := GetYourShared;
  if not Assigned(Shared) then
  begin
    TGocciaYourValue.Create;  // populates the realm slot, do NOT call .Free
    Shared := GetYourShared;
  end;
  ExposeSharedPrototypeOnConstructor(Shared, AConstructor);
end;

Prototype method callbacks -- Always use AThisValue (the receiver), never Self (the method host singleton):

function TGocciaYourValue.YourMethod(
  const AArgs: TGocciaArgumentsCollection;
  const AThisValue: TGocciaValue): TGocciaValue;
var
  Obj: TGocciaYourValue;
begin
  if not (AThisValue is TGocciaYourValue) then
    ThrowTypeError('...');
  Obj := TGocciaYourValue(AThisValue);
  // Work with Obj, not Self
end;

GetProperty -- Override to handle computed properties (like size, byteLength):

function TGocciaYourValue.GetProperty(const AName: string): TGocciaValue;
begin
  if AName = PROP_SIZE then
    Result := TGocciaNumberLiteralValue.Create(FItems.Count)
  else
    Result := inherited GetProperty(AName);
end;

MarkReferences -- Mark all TGocciaValue references held by this object:

procedure TGocciaYourValue.MarkReferences;
var
  I: Integer;
begin
  if GCMarked then Exit;
  inherited;
  // Mark each TGocciaValue reference
  for I := 0 to FItems.Count - 1 do
    if Assigned(FItems[I]) then
      FItems[I].MarkReferences;
end;

If your type only holds non-TGocciaValue data (e.g., TBytes), the body can just call inherited.

ToStringTag -- Return the constructor name:

function TGocciaYourValue.ToStringTag: string;
begin
  Result := CONSTRUCTOR_YOUR;
end;

InitializeNativeFromArguments -- Called when new YourType(args) is used via the class constructor path:

procedure TGocciaYourValue.InitializeNativeFromArguments(
  const AArguments: TGocciaArgumentsCollection);
begin
  // Validate and process constructor arguments
end;

Step 2: Built-in Registration (Goccia.Builtins.GlobalYour.pas)

This unit creates the constructor function and any static methods.

unit Goccia.Builtins.GlobalYour;
​
{$I Goccia.inc}
​
interface
​
uses
  Goccia.Arguments.Collection,
  Goccia.Builtins.Base,
  Goccia.Error.ThrowErrorCallback,
  Goccia.Scope,
  Goccia.Values.NativeFunction,
  Goccia.Values.Primitives,
  Goccia.Values.YourValue;
​
type
  TGocciaGlobalYour = class(TGocciaBuiltin)
  private
    FYourConstructor: TGocciaNativeFunctionValue;
    function YourConstructorFn(const AArgs: TGocciaArgumentsCollection;
      const AThisValue: TGocciaValue): TGocciaValue;
  public
    constructor Create(const AName: string; const AScope: TGocciaScope;
      const AThrowError: TGocciaThrowErrorCallback);
  end;
​
implementation
​
uses
  Goccia.Values.ErrorHelper;
​
constructor TGocciaGlobalYour.Create(const AName: string;
  const AScope: TGocciaScope;
  const AThrowError: TGocciaThrowErrorCallback);
begin
  inherited Create(AName, AScope, AThrowError);
​
  FYourConstructor := TGocciaNativeFunctionValue.Create(
    YourConstructorFn, 'YourType', 1);
  TGocciaYourValue.ExposePrototype(FYourConstructor);
​
  // Register static methods on FBuiltinObject
  FBuiltinObject.RegisterNativeMethod(
    TGocciaNativeFunctionValue.CreateWithoutPrototype(
      StaticMethod, 'staticMethod', 1));
end;
​
function TGocciaGlobalYour.YourConstructorFn(
  const AArgs: TGocciaArgumentsCollection;
  const AThisValue: TGocciaValue): TGocciaValue;
begin
  // Validate arguments and create instance
  Result := TGocciaYourValue.Create;
end;

Step 3: Class Value Subclass (Goccia.Values.ClassValue.pas)

Add a class value subclass so new YourType() works via the standard class instantiation path.

In the interface section (after existing class values):

TGocciaYourClassValue = class(TGocciaClassValue)
  function CreateNativeInstance(
    const AArguments: TGocciaArgumentsCollection): TGocciaObjectValue; override;
end;

In the implementation section:

{ TGocciaYourClassValue }
​
function TGocciaYourClassValue.CreateNativeInstance(
  const AArguments: TGocciaArgumentsCollection): TGocciaObjectValue;
begin
  Result := TGocciaYourValue.Create;
end;

In the implementation uses clause, add Goccia.Values.YourValue.

Step 4: Engine Or Runtime Integration

Core language built-ins belong in Goccia.Engine.pas. Runtime globals that are not part of the language core belong in a dedicated runtime extension unit under source/units/Goccia.RuntimeExtensions.*.pas.

For a core language built-in, make these changes in the engine:

4a. Interface uses clause

Add Goccia.Builtins.GlobalYour (alphabetically sorted).

4b. Runtime extension class (runtime globals only)

Core language built-ins are always registered and do not need a runtime extension. Runtime globals and tool-specific runtime APIs should add a concrete extension class:

TGocciaYourRuntimeExtension = class(TGocciaRuntimeExtension)
public
  procedure Attach(const ARuntime: TGocciaRuntimeCore); override;
  procedure Detach; override;
end;

Most new language built-in types should skip this step entirely. Runtime extension membership is represented by installed classes and profiles, not by engine configuration.

4c. Field declaration

FBuiltinYour: TGocciaGlobalYour;

4d. RegisterBuiltIns

For core language built-ins (no flag-gating needed):

FBuiltinYour := TGocciaGlobalYour.Create(
  CONSTRUCTOR_YOUR, Scope, ThrowError);

Runtime globals do not use a selector check in the engine. Create and register them from the concrete runtime extension's Attach method, using ARuntime.Engine.Interpreter.GlobalScope and ARuntime.Engine.ThrowError; free extension-owned built-ins from Detach. If the extension exposes a JS-visible runtime global name, also call Runtime.RegisterRuntimeGlobalName('YourType') from Attach so the runtime-globals list on the Goccia namespace stays accurate.

4e. RegisterBuiltinConstructors

begin
  TypeDef.ConstructorName := CONSTRUCTOR_YOUR;
  TypeDef.Kind := gtdkNativeInstanceType;
  TypeDef.ClassValueClass := TGocciaYourClassValue;
  TypeDef.ExposePrototype := @ExposeYourPrototype;
  TypeDef.PrototypeProvider := nil;
  TypeDef.StaticSource := BuiltinObjectOrNil(FBuiltinYour);
  TypeDef.PrototypeParent := ObjectConstructor.Prototype;
  TypeDef.AddSpeciesGetter := False;
  RegisterTypeDefinition(FInterpreter.GlobalScope, TypeDef, SpeciesGetter,
    GenericConstructor);
  YourConstructor := TGocciaYourClassValue(GenericConstructor);
end;

For built-ins that use an existing shared prototype rather than ExposePrototype, set ExposePrototype := nil and provide PrototypeProvider := @YourPrototypeProvider.

4f. Destructor

FBuiltinYour.Free;

4g. Implementation uses clause

Add Goccia.Values.YourValue (alphabetically sorted).

4h. Property (optional)

property BuiltinYour: TGocciaGlobalYour read FBuiltinYour;

4i. Runtime-extension registration

For a runtime global, use the same built-in/value unit patterns but wire it through a concrete runtime extension instead of Goccia.Engine.pas:

1. Add a dedicated runtime-extension unit in source/units/, following the Goccia.RuntimeExtensions.<Feature> naming pattern.
2. Add a private built-in field to the concrete extension class.
3. Instantiate it from Attach and free it from Detach, mirroring the engine's built-in / constructor-registration pattern but using Runtime.Engine.
4. If the feature adds importable file types, override AddModuleExtensions and TryLoadModule so the extension participates only when installed.
5. If the feature should be part of a CLI surface, add it to the relevant profile in Goccia.RuntimeProfiles.*.pas; otherwise embedders can install the concrete extension directly.

procedure TGocciaYourRuntimeExtension.Attach(const ARuntime: TGocciaRuntimeCore);
begin
  inherited Attach(ARuntime);
  FBuiltinYour := TGocciaGlobalYour.Create(CONSTRUCTOR_YOUR,
    Runtime.Engine.Interpreter.GlobalScope, Runtime.Engine.ThrowError);
  Runtime.RegisterRuntimeGlobalName(CONSTRUCTOR_YOUR);
end;
​
procedure TGocciaYourRuntimeExtension.Detach;
begin
  FBuiltinYour.Free;
  FBuiltinYour := nil;
  inherited;
end;

Profiles install extensions by class:

procedure ApplyLoaderRuntimeProfile(const ARuntime: TGocciaRuntimeCore);
begin
  ARuntime.Install(TGocciaYourRuntimeExtension.Create);
end;

Step 5: Constructor Name Constant

In source/units/Goccia.Constants.ConstructorNames.pas:

CONSTRUCTOR_YOUR = 'YourType';

Step 6: Property Name Constants (if needed)

In source/units/Goccia.Constants.PropertyNames.pas:

PROP_YOUR_PROPERTY = 'yourProperty';

Step 7: structuredClone Support (if cloneable)

In source/units/Goccia.Builtins.Globals.pas:

7a. Add to implementation uses clause

Goccia.Values.YourValue,

7b. Add clone function

function CloneYour(const AObj: TGocciaYourValue;
  const AMemory: TDictionary<TGocciaValue, TGocciaValue>): TGocciaYourValue;
begin
  Result := TGocciaYourValue.Create;
  AMemory.Add(AObj, Result);
  // Copy internal data from AObj to Result
end;

7c. Add branch in StructuredCloneValue

Add before the TGocciaObjectValue catch-all branch:

else if AValue is TGocciaYourValue then
  Result := CloneYour(TGocciaYourValue(AValue), AMemory)

The order matters -- specific types must be checked before TGocciaObjectValue since they inherit from it.

Step 8: Tests

Create test files under tests/built-ins/YourType/. Follow the file layout conventions from testing.md:

• One method per file — each prototype method, static method, and constructor variant gets its own test file.
• Prototype methods in prototype/ — instance methods live in YourType/prototype/methodName.js.
• Static methods at the top level — YourType/staticMethod.js (no separate static/ folder).
• Edge cases are co-located — NaN handling, boundary conditions, error cases belong in the same file as the happy-path tests for that method. Do not create a separate edge-cases.js.

tests/built-ins/YourType/
  constructor.js           # new YourType(...) constructor variants + error cases
  toString-tag.js          # Symbol.toStringTag
  from.js, of.js           # Static methods at top level
  prototype/               # Instance methods — one file per method
    methodA.js             # Happy paths + edge cases for methodA
    methodB.js             # Happy paths + edge cases for methodB

Each file uses the built-in test framework:

describe("YourType constructor", () => {
  test("creates an instance", () => {
    const obj = new YourType();
    expect(obj instanceof YourType).toBe(true);
  });
​
  test("throws RangeError for invalid argument", () => {
    expect(() => new YourType(-1)).toThrow(RangeError);
  });
});

If the type supports structuredClone, add tests/built-ins/structuredClone/yourtype.js.

Step 9: Benchmarks

Create benchmarks/yourtype.js:

/*---
description: YourType operation benchmarks
---*/
​
import { bench, group } from "goccia:microbench";
​
group("YourType creation", () => {
  bench("create YourType", () => {
    const obj = new YourType();
  });
});
​
group("YourType methods", () => {
  bench("method call", ({ *setup() {
    const obj = new YourType();
    yield () => {
      obj.method();
    };
  } }).setup);
});

Step 10: Documentation

docs/built-ins.md

Add a section with method tables:

### YourType (`Goccia.Builtins.GlobalYour.pas`)
​
| Method/Property | Description |
|--------|-------------|
| `new YourType(args)` | Create a new instance |
| `yourType.method()` | Description |
| `yourType.property` | Description |

README.md

Add YourType to the built-in objects list.

Other documentation

• Update docs/built-ins.md and README.md as needed.
• If you introduce a new major engine layer or file-level component worth listing, update docs/architecture.md (or the doc index in CONTRIBUTING.md) instead of maintaining a separate table elsewhere.

Checklist

Use this checklist when adding a new built-in type:

• Value type unit (Goccia.Values.YourValue.pas) with realm slot registered in initialization
• Built-in registration unit (Goccia.Builtins.GlobalYour.pas)
• Class value subclass in Goccia.Values.ClassValue.pas
• Runtime: concrete TGocciaRuntimeExtension class (runtime globals only)
• Engine: field declaration
• Engine: RegisterBuiltIns registration
• Engine: RegisterBuiltinConstructors constructor
• Engine: Destroy cleanup
• Engine: interface and implementation uses clauses
• Constructor name constant in Goccia.Constants.ConstructorNames.pas
• Property name constants in Goccia.Constants.PropertyNames.pas (if needed)
• structuredClone support in Goccia.Builtins.Globals.pas (if cloneable)
• JavaScript tests in tests/built-ins/YourType/
• Benchmarks in benchmarks/yourtype.js
• Documentation in docs/built-ins.md, README.md, and other docs as needed (see CONTRIBUTING.md)
• All existing tests still pass
• Build succeeds (./build.pas --clean loader)

GC Considerations

• Shared prototype is pinned automatically by TGocciaSharedPrototype.Create and unpinned by TGocciaSharedPrototype.Destroy. Registering the helper in a realm-owned slot ties its lifetime to the engine's realm, so tear-down releases everything atomically.
• Realm slots pin the values they hold. RegisterRealmSlot (for TGCManagedObject prototypes) pins on SetSlot and unpins at realm tear-down; RegisterRealmOwnedSlot (for plain-TObject helpers) calls .Free at tear-down before pin release.
• MarkReferences must mark all TGocciaValue fields reachable from the instance. If you only hold non-value data (e.g., TBytes), calling inherited is sufficient.
• ExposePrototype creates a sentinel instance that becomes the method host. Do NOT free this instance -- it is pinned by the GC and owned by the realm.
• Temp roots: If you hold TGocciaValue references in Pascal variables during a long operation (not in any scope), protect them with AddTempRoot/RemoveTempRoot.
• Non-owning lists: Use TObjectList<T>.Create(False) for lists that store GC-managed values.

Common Pitfalls

1. Freeing the ExposePrototype sentinel -- Causes access violations when prototype methods are called.
2. Using Self in prototype callbacks -- Self is the method host singleton, not the instance. Always use AThisValue.
3. Caching realm-scoped objects in threadvars or class vars -- The cached pointer survives engine destruction and becomes a dangling reference on the next engine. Always read the shared prototype through CurrentRealm.GetSlot/GetOwnedSlot. See Core patterns § Realm Ownership & Slot Registration for the stale-cache antipattern.
4. IsInfinity vs IsInfinite -- IsInfinity checks only positive infinity. Use IsInfinite to check both positive and negative.
5. Circular interface dependencies -- If your value type and ClassValue need each other, put the value type in ClassValue's implementation uses clause (not interface).
6. Stale build artifacts -- After adding new units, run ./build.pas --clean loader to avoid FPC internal errors from stale .ppu files.
7. Use property accessors for special numbers -- TGocciaNumberLiteralValue stores a single Double in FValue using standard IEEE 754 bit patterns. Use the IsNaN, IsInfinity, and IsNegativeZero property accessors rather than raw FValue comparisons when you need to distinguish special values. For negative zero specifically, IsNegativeZero uses an endian-neutral sign-bit check. See Goccia.Values.TypedArrayValue.WriteNumberLiteral and Goccia.Arithmetic.pas for the canonical patterns.